Sort by Popularity - Most Popular Movies and TV Shows tagged with keyword "megacorporation"

 Refine See titles to watch instantly, titles you haven't rated, etc
  • Movies or TV
  • Genres
  • Keywords
  • IMDb Rating
  • Instant Watch Options
  • In Theaters
  • Release Year












































































































IMDb user rating (average) to
Number of votes to »







Reset
Release year or range to »

51. Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016)

R | 107 min | Action, Horror, Sci-Fi

5.5
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.5/10 X  
49 Metascore

Alice returns to where the nightmare began: The Hive in Raccoon City, where the Umbrella Corporation is gathering its forces for a final strike against the only remaining survivors of the apocalypse.

Director: Paul W.S. Anderson | Stars: Milla Jovovich, Iain Glen, Ali Larter, Shawn Roberts

Votes: 101,264 | Gross: $26.83M

52. Death Race 2 (2010 Video)

R | 96 min | Action, Crime, Sci-Fi

5.6
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.6/10 X  

Explores the origins of the first "Frankenstein" car driver, Carl "Luke" Lucas, who died in a race at the beginning of the first film.

Director: Roel Reiné | Stars: Luke Goss, Lauren Cohan, Sean Bean, Ving Rhames

Votes: 34,754

53. The 6th Day (2000)

PG-13 | 123 min | Action, Mystery, Sci-Fi

5.9
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.9/10 X  
49 Metascore

A man meets a clone of himself and stumbles into a grand conspiracy about clones taking over the world.

Director: Roger Spottiswoode | Stars: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Rapaport, Tony Goldwyn, Michael Rooker

Votes: 128,130 | Gross: $34.60M

54. The Lawnmower Man (1992)

R | 108 min | Horror, Sci-Fi

5.4
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.4/10 X  
42 Metascore

A simple man is turned into a genius through the application of computer science.

Director: Brett Leonard | Stars: Jeff Fahey, Pierce Brosnan, Jenny Wright, Mark Bringelson

Votes: 39,143 | Gross: $32.10M

55. Surrogates (2009)

PG-13 | 89 min | Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller

6.3
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.3/10 X  
45 Metascore

Set in a futuristic world where humans live in isolation and interact through surrogate robots, a cop is forced to leave his home for the first time in years in order to investigate the murders of others' surrogates.

Director: Jonathan Mostow | Stars: Bruce Willis, Radha Mitchell, Ving Rhames, Rosamund Pike

Votes: 180,449 | Gross: $38.58M

56. Resident Evil: Retribution (2012)

R | 95 min | Action, Horror, Sci-Fi

5.3
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.3/10 X  
39 Metascore

Alice fights alongside a resistance movement to regain her freedom from an Umbrella Corporation testing facility.

Director: Paul W.S. Anderson | Stars: Milla Jovovich, Sienna Guillory, Michelle Rodriguez, Aryana Engineer

Votes: 150,468 | Gross: $42.35M

57. Hotel Artemis (2018)

R | 94 min | Action, Crime, Drama

6.1
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.1/10 X  
58 Metascore

Set in riot-torn, near-future Los Angeles, 'Hotel Artemis' follows the Nurse, who runs a secret, members-only emergency room for criminals.

Director: Drew Pearce | Stars: Jodie Foster, Sofia Boutella, Dave Bautista, Sterling K. Brown

Votes: 58,621 | Gross: $6.71M

58. Paycheck (2003)

PG-13 | 119 min | Action, Mystery, Sci-Fi

6.3
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.3/10 X  
43 Metascore

What seemed like a breezy idea that would net an engineer millions of dollars ends up leaving him on the run for his life and trying to piece together why he's being chased.

Director: John Woo | Stars: Ben Affleck, Aaron Eckhart, Uma Thurman, Michael C. Hall

Votes: 113,434 | Gross: $53.79M

59. Resident Evil: Extinction (2007)

R | 94 min | Action, Horror, Sci-Fi

6.2
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.2/10 X  
41 Metascore

Survivors of the Raccoon City catastrophe travel across the Nevada desert, hoping to make it to Alaska. Alice joins the caravan and their fight against the evil Umbrella Corp.

Director: Russell Mulcahy | Stars: Milla Jovovich, Ali Larter, Oded Fehr, Iain Glen

Votes: 205,919 | Gross: $50.65M

60. Rollerball (1975)

Approved | 125 min | Action, Sci-Fi, Sport

6.5
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.5/10 X  
56 Metascore

In a corporate-controlled future, an ultra-violent sport known as Rollerball represents the world, and one of its powerful athletes is out to defy those who want him out of the game.

Director: Norman Jewison | Stars: James Caan, John Houseman, Maud Adams, John Beck

Votes: 29,431 | Gross: $30.00M

61. Solaris (2002)

PG-13 | 99 min | Drama, Mystery, Romance

6.2
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.2/10 X  
67 Metascore

A troubled psychologist is sent to investigate the crew of an isolated research station orbiting a bizarre planet.

Director: Steven Soderbergh | Stars: George Clooney, Natascha McElhone, Ulrich Tukur, Viola Davis

Votes: 86,372 | Gross: $14.97M

62. Johnny Mnemonic (1995)

R | 96 min | Action, Drama, Sci-Fi

5.6
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.6/10 X  
36 Metascore

A data courier, literally carrying a data package inside his head, must deliver it before he dies from the burden or is killed by the Yakuza.

Director: Robert Longo | Stars: Keanu Reeves, Dolph Lundgren, Dina Meyer, Ice-T

Votes: 76,362 | Gross: $19.08M

63. Repo Men (2010)

R | 111 min | Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller

6.3
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.3/10 X  
32 Metascore

Set in the near future when artificial organs can be bought on credit, it revolves around a man who struggles to make the payments on a heart he has purchased. He must therefore go on the run before said ticker is repossessed.

Director: Miguel Sapochnik | Stars: Jude Law, Forest Whitaker, Alice Braga, Liev Schreiber

Votes: 110,828 | Gross: $13.79M

64. Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010)

R | 96 min | Action, Horror, Sci-Fi

5.8
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.8/10 X  
37 Metascore

While still out to destroy the evil Umbrella Corporation, Alice joins a group of survivors living in a prison surrounded by the infected who also want to relocate to the mysterious but supposedly unharmed safe haven known only as Arcadia.

Director: Paul W.S. Anderson | Stars: Milla Jovovich, Ali Larter, Wentworth Miller, Kim Coates

Votes: 179,526 | Gross: $60.13M

65. Archive (2020)

TV-MA | 109 min | Drama, Mystery, Sci-Fi

6.4
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.4/10 X  
67 Metascore

2038: George Almore is working on a true human-equivalent AI. His latest prototype is almost ready. This sensitive phase is also the riskiest. Especially as he has a goal that must be hidden at all costs.

Director: Gavin Rothery | Stars: Theo James, Stacy Martin, Rhona Mitra, Peter Ferdinando

Votes: 26,499

66. The Guyver (1991)

PG-13 | 88 min | Action, Comedy, Horror

4.9
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.9/10 X  

Young man merges with mechanical device, becoming cyborg superhero. Strange creatures emerge, seeking to reclaim device. He uncovers plot to genetically engineer monstrous creatures.

Directors: Screaming Mad George, Steve Wang | Stars: Greg Joung Paik, Jimmie 'JJ' Walker, Peter Spellos, Michael Berryman

Votes: 5,961

67. Underworld: Awakening (2012)

R | 88 min | Action, Fantasy, Thriller

6.3
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.3/10 X  
39 Metascore

When human forces discover the existence of the Vampire and Lycan clans, a war to eradicate both species commences. The vampire warrior Selene leads the battle against humankind.

Directors: Måns Mårlind, Björn Stein | Stars: Kate Beckinsale, Michael Ealy, India Eisley, Stephen Rea

Votes: 161,495 | Gross: $62.32M

68. Death Race 3: Inferno (2013 Video)

R | 104 min | Action, Crime, Sci-Fi

5.4
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.4/10 X  

Convicted cop-killer Carl Lucas, a.k.a. Frankenstein, is a superstar driver in the brutal prison yard demolition derby known as the Death Race. He is only one victory away from winning freedom for himself and his pit crew.

Director: Roel Reiné | Stars: Luke Goss, Tanit Phoenix, Danny Trejo, Ving Rhames

Votes: 21,224

69. Highlander II: The Quickening (1991)

R | 91 min | Action, Adventure, Fantasy

4.2
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.2/10 X  
31 Metascore

In the future, Highlander Connor MacLeod must prevent the destruction of Earth under an anti-ozone shield.

Director: Russell Mulcahy | Stars: Christopher Lambert, Sean Connery, Virginia Madsen, Michael Ironside

Votes: 48,175 | Gross: $15.56M

70. Tekken (2010)

R | 92 min | Action, Crime, Drama

4.8
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.8/10 X  

Jin Kazama witnesses the death of his mother Jun by Tekken in the slums known as Anvil. After finding a Tekken ID he decides to seek out vengeance for his mother's death.

Director: Dwight H. Little | Stars: Jon Foo, Kelly Overton, Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Ian Anthony Dale

Votes: 28,591

71. Cowboy Bebop: The Movie (2001)

TV-14 | 115 min | Animation, Action, Crime

7.8
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.8/10 X  
62 Metascore

A terrorist explosion releases a deadly virus on the masses, and it's up to the bounty-hunting Bebop crew to catch the cold-blooded culprit.

Directors: Shin'ichirô Watanabe, Mary Elizabeth McGlynn, Tensai Okamura, Hiroyuki Okiura, Yoshiyuki Takei | Stars: Beau Billingslea, Melissa Fahn, Nicholas Guest, Kôichi Yamadera

Votes: 53,347 | Gross: $1.00M

72. Looker (1981)

PG | 93 min | Drama, Sci-Fi, Thriller

6.1
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.1/10 X  
20 Metascore

Three of four models, who had plastic surgery done by Larry after a computed list, are dead. Neither the cops nor Larry believe they're suicides. Larry investigates and stays with the fourth model. Who's behind the lists and murders?

Director: Michael Crichton | Stars: Albert Finney, James Coburn, Susan Dey, Leigh Taylor-Young

Votes: 6,224 | Gross: $3.28M

73. Space Sweepers (2021)

TV-MA | 136 min | Action, Adventure, Drama

6.5
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.5/10 X  
64 Metascore

Set in the year 2092 and follows the crew of a space junk collector ship called The Victory. When they discover a humanoid robot named Dorothy that's known to be a weapon of mass destruction, they get involved in a risky business deal.

Director: Sung-hee Jo | Stars: Song Joong-ki, Kim Tae-ri, Jin Seon-kyu, Yoo Hae-jin

Votes: 28,790

74. Doom: Annihilation (2019)

R | 96 min | Action, Adventure, Horror

3.8
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.8/10 X  

A group of UAC Marines respond to a distress call from a top secret scientific base on Phobos, a moon around Mars, only to discover it's been overrun by demons who seek to create Hell on Earth.

Director: Tony Giglio | Stars: Amy Manson, Dominic Mafham, Luke Allen-Gale, James Weber Brown

Votes: 10,431

75. Incorporated (2016–2017)

TV-14 | 43 min | Crime, Drama, Sci-Fi

7.2
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.2/10 X  

A man attempts to thwart a giant corporation that seems to have unlimited power.

Stars: Sean Teale, Allison Miller, Eddie Ramos, Julia Ormond

Votes: 5,630

76. RoboCop (1994)

TV-14 | 44 min | Action, Adventure, Crime

5.5
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.5/10 X  

Alex Murphy is RoboCop, a cybernetic policeman. A creation of a vast corporation, he fights crime and occasional corporate conspiracy in the near-future of Old Detroit.

Stars: Richard Eden, Yvette Nipar, Blu Mankuma, Andrea Roth

Votes: 2,933

77. Cyborg 2: Glass Shadow (1993 Video)

R | 99 min | Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller

3.9
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.9/10 X  

2 companies battle for Cyborg domination. One's built a cyborg/Angelina Jolie so human, that they hope, she'll get into the competition's HQ and explode. But she escapes with her human martial arts instructor.

Director: Michael Schroeder | Stars: Elias Koteas, Angelina Jolie, Jack Palance, Billy Drago

Votes: 5,172

78. A Sound of Thunder (2005)

PG-13 | 110 min | Action, Adventure, Horror

4.2
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.2/10 X  
24 Metascore

A single mistake in the past, by a time travel company in the future, has devastating and unforeseen consequences.

Director: Peter Hyams | Stars: Edward Burns, Ben Kingsley, Catherine McCormack, Armin Rohde

Votes: 20,528 | Gross: $1.89M

79. Solar Crisis (1990)

PG-13 | 112 min | Sci-Fi, Thriller

4.1
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.1/10 X  

A huge solar flare is predicted to fry the Earth. Astronauts must fly toward the sun to drop a talking bomb at the right time for the flare to be aimed elsewhere.

Directors: Richard C. Sarafian, Arthur Marks | Stars: Tim Matheson, Charlton Heston, Peter Boyle, Annabel Schofield

Votes: 2,089

80. Death Machine (1994)

R | 120 min | Action, Horror, Sci-Fi

5.6
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.6/10 X  

After a mad genius inventor of killer robots and cyborgs at Chaank Armaments Corp. kills execs, he unleashes his ultimate death machine on the new cute CEO firing him.

Director: Stephen Norrington | Stars: Brad Dourif, Ely Pouget, William Hootkins, John Sharian

Votes: 4,868 | Gross: $1.42M

81. Bounty Killer (2013)

R | 92 min | Action, Comedy, Sci-Fi

5.5
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.5/10 X  
48 Metascore

Bounty killers compete for body count, fame and a fat stack of cash. They're ending the plague of corporate greed and providing the survivors of the apocalypse with retribution. This is the age of the BOUNTY KILLER.

Director: Henry Saine | Stars: Matthew Marsden, Kristanna Loken, Christian Pitre, Barak Hardley

Votes: 7,530

82. Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace (1995)

PG-13 | 93 min | Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller

2.6
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2.6/10 X  
29 Metascore

They thought they had destroyed him, but the simple gardener-turned-superkiller has found a way to reboot himself in Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace.

Director: Farhad Mann | Stars: Patrick Bergin, Matt Frewer, Austin O'Brien, Ely Pouget

Votes: 10,309 | Gross: $2.41M

83. Hands of Steel (1986)

R | 94 min | Action, Drama, Sci-Fi

5.3
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.3/10 X  

A cyborg is programmed to kill a scientist who holds the fate of mankind in his hands. He fails and hides in a diner in a desert run by a woman who likes him. The people who sent him are after him and so is the local arm wrestling champ.

Director: Sergio Martino | Stars: Daniel Greene, Janet Agren, Claudio Cassinelli, George Eastman

Votes: 2,891

84. Moon 44 (1990)

R | 98 min | Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller

5.0
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5/10 X  
39 Metascore

An unconventional corporate agent is given the task of shaping a group of violent criminals and technical wizards into a helicopter defense force assigned to protect a mining station on a remote moon.

Director: Roland Emmerich | Stars: Michael Paré, Lisa Eichhorn, Dean Devlin, Brian Thompson

Votes: 5,746

85. Vice (2015)

R | 96 min | Action, Sci-Fi, Thriller

4.2
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.2/10 X  
17 Metascore

Bruce Willis stars in this Sci-Fi thriller about ultimate resort: VICE, where customers can play out their wildest fantasies with artificial inhabitants who look like humans.

Director: Brian A. Miller | Stars: Thomas Jane, Bruce Willis, Ambyr Childers, Johnathon Schaech

Votes: 17,121

86. The Anomaly (2014)

Not Rated | 97 min | Action, Mystery, Sci-Fi

4.7
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.7/10 X  
27 Metascore

An ex-soldier named Ryan Reeve is taken captive by the "Anomaly" organization where he learns that he only has 9:47 minutes/seconds to find out why they want him dead.

Director: Noel Clarke | Stars: Noel Clarke, Ian Somerhalder, Brian Cox, Alexis Knapp

Votes: 7,763

87. Fortress 2: Re-Entry (2000)

R | 92 min | Action, Sci-Fi

4.5
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.5/10 X  

7 years after the original Fortress movie, Brennick along with the rebels are captured and sent to a new, more sophisticated fortress prison, in outer space.

Director: Geoff Murphy | Stars: Christopher Lambert, Beth Toussaint, Willie Garson, Aidan Ostrogovich

Votes: 7,333

88. Dead Trigger (2017)

R | 91 min | Action, Horror, Sci-Fi

3.2
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.2/10 X  

A mysterious virus has killed billions and turned many others into bloodthirsty zombies. Unable to stop the virus, the government develops a video game, "Dead Trigger," that mirrors the terrifying events that curse the world.

Directors: Mike Cuff, Scott Windhauser | Stars: Dolph Lundgren, Autumn Reeser, Brooke Johnston, Romeo Miller

Votes: 1,390

89. The Clonus Horror (1979)

R | 90 min | Horror, Romance, Sci-Fi

4.0
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4/10 X  

In a seemingly perfect society, one member discovers the truth about the outside world, as well as their ultimate purpose.

Director: Robert S. Fiveson | Stars: Peter Graves, Rick DiAngelo, Eugene Robert Glazer, Eileen Dietz

Votes: 2,684

90. Casshern (2004)

Not Rated | 142 min | Action, Sci-Fi

6.0
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6/10 X  

Live-action sci-fi movie based on a 1973 Japanese animé of the same name (Shinzo Ningen Casshân). Theme song by Utada Hikaru.

Director: Kazuaki Kiriya | Stars: Yûsuke Iseya, Kumiko Asô, Akira Terao, Kanako Higuchi

Votes: 13,802

91. Lego Jurassic World (2015 Video Game)

E10+ | Animation, Action, Adventure

7.8
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.8/10 X  

When chaos strikes on Isla Nublar and Sorna, it's up to you to survive against these dinosaurs. You can play any one of the 4 movies and their characters, such as Alan Grant, Owen Grady, and even as the dinosaurs.

Director: Jon Burton | Stars: Carlos Alazraqui, Troy Baker, John Eric Bentley, JB Blanc

Votes: 1,667

92. The Iron Heart (2022–2023)

TV-14 | 30 min | Action, Adventure, Crime

5.2
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.2/10 X  

An undercover agent goes on a dangerous mission to bring down a crime ring. Fueled by a bitter and painful past, Apollo and his allies face the grueling task that will challenge his resolve and strength.

Stars: Richard Gutierrez, Sue Ramirez, Albert Martinez, Anthony Jennings

Votes: 65

94. Deus Ex: Human Revolution (2011 Video Game)

M | Action, Adventure, Drama

8.6
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8.6/10 X  

After a shadowy black ops team kidnaps several scientists security manager Adam Jensen was sworn to protect, he must harness the power of his new-found cybernetic augmentations to save their lives.

Directors: Jean-François Dugas, Blade Zavier | Stars: Elias Toufexis, Stephen Shellen, Andreas Apergis, Michelle Boback

Votes: 5,927

95. Combatants Will Be Dispatched! (2021)

TV-14 | 24 min | Animation, Action, Comedy

6.6
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.6/10 X  

To climb the corporate ladder at the evil Kisaragi Corporation, Combatant Agent Six must conquer a magical planet-and a Demon Lord's army.

Stars: Minami Takahashi, Natsumi Murakami, Yûsuke Shirai, Miyu Tomita

Votes: 1,233

96. Cyber Tracker (1994)

R | 91 min | Action, Sci-Fi

3.7
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.7/10 X  

This is the future. A secret service agent is framed by his own and becomes the target of the seemingly indestructible Cyborg-Executioners.

Director: Richard Pepin | Stars: Don Wilson, Richard Norton, Stacie Foster, Joseph Ruskin

Votes: 1,487

97. Vexille (2007)

PG-13 | 109 min | Animation, Action, Sci-Fi

6.8
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.8/10 X  

Japan, 2077: A female agent named Vexille is dispatched to Tokyo to investigate whether Japanese are developing robotic technology, which has been banned by the U.N. due to its potential threat to humankind.

Director: Fumihiko Sori | Stars: Meisa Kuroki, Shôsuke Tanihara, Yasuko Matsuyuki, Akio Ôtsuka

Votes: 7,873

98. Bulletstorm (2011 Video Game)

M | Action, Adventure, Sci-Fi

7.5
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.5/10 X  

Commando Grayson Hunt, his team, and their evil boss General Sarrano, whom they want dead, crash land on the planet Stygia, a former elite resort now overrun with killer plants, feral cannibal gangs and monsters with acid for blood.

Director: James D. Mortellaro | Stars: Steve Blum, Andrew Kishino, Jennifer Hale, Chris Cox

Votes: 2,233

99. Jane Doe (2001 TV Movie)

Not Rated | 91 min | Action, Thriller

4.5
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.5/10 X  

Jane Doe is the real name of arms manufacturer Cy-Kor's recently fired security password employee with top clearance, whose teenage son Michael is kidnapped. She obeys the bizarre ... See full summary »

Director: Kevin Alyn Elders | Stars: Teri Hatcher, Trevor Blumas, Mark Caven, David Hemblen

Votes: 787

100. Velocity Trap (1999)

R | 86 min | Action, Sci-Fi

4.5
Rate this
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.5/10 X  

A cop framed for murder is the only one not in cryosleep when a team of thieves boards the armored treasury spaceship he's on to steal its load - 40 billion universal dollars - and then ram the ship into a comet to cover their tracks.

Director: Phillip J. Roth | Stars: Olivier Gruner, Alicia Coppola, Ken Olandt, Jorja Fox

Votes: 899



Recently Viewed