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1-38 of 38
- The Rockefellers were a Jewish-German immigrant family who bore the name Steinhauer before obtaining American citizenship. At school, John D Rockefeller was considered a loner. He felt the class differences between rich and poor from an early age. While he was still at school he worked as a dishwasher and bell boy for his pocket money. He kept his wages carefully. He kept track of every penny, not because it was necessary, he simply enjoyed it. Money, he later said, was "frozen life." He finished high school at the age of 16 and began training as an accountant in Cleveland. He was popular and valued by management as an extremely correct and reliable employee. A circumstance that earned him numerous promotions. Rockefeller lived strictly according to the Jewish faith and was more than modest. When he completed his training with flying colors in 1859, all his employer's efforts to dissuade him from becoming self-employed were in vain. In 1859, at the age of 19, Rockefeller founded the small brokerage firm Clark & Rockefeller Co. with his friend Maurice Clark.
In addition to their marketing activities, they also received contracts for oil drilling in Pennsylvania. This new business area quickly proved to be extremely lucrative and helped the young company gain considerable capital. In 1862, Clark and Rockefeller made Samuel Andrews the new partner in the company. The reason was not the capital he brought with him, but rather important patents for refining crude oil into gasoline. The three of them founded Andrews, Clark & Co. This strategic acquaintance was one of the most important steps in Rockefeller's success story. In 1865 there were disputes among the shareholders over corporate management issues. The now five shareholders agreed to sell the company to the highest bidder. Rockefeller became the sole owner of the company with the then huge sum of US$750,000. He made Andrews his partner again and founded the Andrews & Rockefeller Co. Rockefeller married Laura Celestia Spelman (1839-1915), known as "Cettie", on September 8, 1864. Together they became parents to five children; including the youngest, John D. Rockefeller Jr. (1874-1960), also known as John D. Rockefeller II. In 1866, the company bought two oil refineries in Cleveland.
Thanks to the patents it had available, it was the only refinery capable of producing the purest gasoline as well as heating oil and petroleum. Competitors who did not meet this standard had little chance of survival other than refining Rockefeller's oil. From 1870 the company operated under the name Standard Oil Co. After just two years, the competition was on the rocks. Rockefeller was well on his way to achieving a monopoly on global oil refining. Fearing that his power would be recognized, he bought the three largest refineries in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia through third-party companies without the knowledge of the public and the authorities. These in turn bought all of the Standard Oil Co.'s competitors. At the end of the 1870s, Rockefeller refined 90% of American oil production. A little later he had a monopoly position in this sector of the economy. To control the gigantic empire, Rockefeller distributed power among nine trustees and 40 shareholders within the Standard Oil Trust Co.
In many other economic sectors, large "trusts" emerged, each of which always intended to monopolize an industry. In the mid-1880s, it became clear to the public what company John D. Rockefeller had created. Increasing industrialization suggested that Standard Oil Trust could become more powerful than the U.S. government if Rockefeller were the only one refining American oil. This also increased the pressure from politicians to take action against Rockefeller. The state of Ohio therefore passed the "Sherman Antitrust Act" against the Standard Oil Trust in 1890 (the antitrust laws of the USA from 1890), which was intended to result in the breakup of the company. Rockefeller then moved his administration to New Jersey. There was a different case law here, which allowed him to continue working in a company form that had hardly changed. Only the name was changed to "Standard Oil Company of New Jersey." It was not until 1899 that the legal ruling of 1890 was implemented. Standard Oil was split into 38 independent companies.
In 1901 he founded the "Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research" which was later renamed "Rockefeller University". From 1911 onwards, Rockefeller withdrew from the company's top management, but retained full decision-making power over Standard Oil, which was represented by its numerous whose investments had become a corporate construct that was almost impossible to understand. In 1914, the "Ludlow Massacre" of Colorado occurred. To restore his public image, Rockefeller distributed generous donations in various areas. Rockefeller founded foundations, social institutions and founded the "Rockefeller Foundation" which still exists today. Rockefeller withdrew from public life until his death. His son John D. Rockefeller II completed the construction of the "Rockefeller Center" in New York in 1930.
John Davidson Rockefeller died at his disposal in Ormond, Florida on May 23, 1937 at the age of 97.
The actual value of his company could never be accurately assessed due to the numerous investments and connections. Today it is estimated that his fortune at the time of his death was approximately US$1 billion. This made Rockefeller, taking into account the US$ exchange rate and inflation, the richest person who ever lived. Today the Standard Oil company operates under the name "Exxon" and operates its gas stations around the world under the trademark "Esso". - Music Department
- Writer
- Composer
In 1856 Moussorgsky joined the Russian army where he met the piano player and composer 'Balakirev' who taught him composition. As he could not finish his studies in music, Moussorgsky did not know all stylistic means of composition perfectly and thus had to follow his instinct in his works becoming the pathmaker of the musical impressionism as well as expressionism: He was the first to compose realistic pictures, e.g. "Pictures at an Exhibition". Having no success during his lifetime Moussorgsky spent all of his fortune ending up a poor man addicted to alcohol.- George Armstrong Custer was born on 5 December 1839 in New Rumley, Ohio, USA. He was married to Elizabeth Bacon Custer. He died on 25 June 1876 in Little Big Horn, Montana Territory, USA.
- Founder and first president of Academia Brasileira de Letras. At 16 he published his first poem, "Ela", in "Marmota Fluminense" magazine. In 1858, he started to write for newspapers.
His novels can be divided in Romantic and Realistic periods.
In the Romantic period, he wrote: "Ressurreição" (1872), "A Mão e a Luva" (1874), "Helena" (1876) and "Iaiá Garcia" (1878).
The following are the works from the Realistic and considered his best period: "Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas" (1881), "Quincas Borba" (1892), "Dom Casmurro" (1900) and "Memorial de Aires" (1908).
Among his other works are poems, short stories, plays and theater and literature essays. - Ion Creanga was born on 10 June 1839 in Humulesti, Moldavia, Ottoman Empire [now Romania]. He was a writer, known for Povestea dragostei (1977), Tusea si junghiul (1992) and The Goat and Her Three Kids (2022). He was married to Ileana Grigoriu. He died on 31 December 1889 in Iasi, Moldova, Romania.
- Frederic Soler was born on 9 October 1839 in Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. He was a writer, known for Don Jaume, el conquistador (1994), Teatro catalán (1964) and Lletres catalanes (1974). He died on 4 July 1895 in Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Paul Lindau was born on 3 June 1839 in Magdeburg, Kingdom of Prussia [now Saxony-Anhalt, Germany]. He was a writer, known for Il caso Haller (1933), Der Andere (1913) and Die blaue Laterne (1918). He was married to Anna Kalisch and Marie Hedwig Bronkhorst. He died on 31 January 1919 in Berlin, Germany.
- Art Department
Paul Cézanne was born on 19 January 1839 in Aix-en-Provence, France. He is known for Cezanne, I Am, Pioneers of Modern Painting (1971) and Karussell (1977). He was married to Marie-Hortense Fiquet. He died on 22 October 1906 in Aix-en-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône, France.- Nevil Maskelyne born in Cheltenham in 1839. Famous magician and illusionist who teamed up with George Alfred Cooke' together they presented a unique entertainment of magic, billed as 'Maskelyne and Cooke' they became highly popular at the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly, London from 1873, here they completely transformed the art of conjuring into a dramatic performance, they remained there until 1904. In 1896 the pioneering film maker Robert W. Paul approach him to perform in front of the film camera, spinning plates and basins the film lasted for only 20 seconds long. He died in 1917 in London age 78.
- Alphonse Winckler was born on 3 October 1839 in Champagnole, France. He died on 21 April 1925 in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France.
- Harry Linson was born on 26 August 1839 in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. He was an actor, known for The Gates of Eden (1916), The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere (1914) and The Declaration of Independence (1911). He was married to Teckla Weiner and Mary Woodhouse. He died on 13 March 1926 in Bronx, New York, USA.
- Ludwig Anzengruber was born on 29 November 1839 in Vienna, Austria. He was a writer, known for Der Meineidbauer (1915), Der ledige Hof (1919) and Der Meineidbauer (1941). He was married to Adelinde Lipka. He died on 10 December 1889 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary.
- Luigi Capuana was born on 28 May 1839 in Mineo, Sicily, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies [now Sicily, Italy]. He was a writer, known for Il vampiro (1914), I girovaghi (1956) and Malìa (1912). He died on 29 November 1915 in Catania, Sicily, Italy.
- Arthur Lloyd was born on 14 May 1839 in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Arthur was married to Katty King. Arthur died on 20 July 1904 in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
- Additional Crew
- Actor
Nelson Appleton Miles was born on 8 August 1839 in Westminster, Massachusetts, USA. He was an actor, known for The Indian Wars (1914), Major-General Nelson A. Miles, and Staff, in the Peace Jubilee Parade (1898) and Lieutenant-General Nelson A. Miles (1899). He was married to Mary Hoyt Sherman. He died on 15 May 1925 in Washington, District of Columbia, USA.- Mendele Mocher Sforim was born on 2 January 1839 in Kopyl, Minsk Governorate, Russian Empire [now Kapyl, Minsk Voblast, Belarus]. He was a writer, known for The Light Ahead (1939) and King of Beggars (2007). He died on 8 December 1917 in Odessa, Ukraine.
- Max Auzinger was born on 26 July 1839 in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria [now Bavaria, Germany]. He was an actor, known for Michael (1924), Sacrifice (1918) and Nirwâna (1916). He was married to Anna Maria Paulus. He died on 14 May 1928 in Berlin, Germany.
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Ricardo de la Vega was born on 7 February 1839 in Madrid, Spain. He was a writer, known for La verbena de la Paloma (1921), De cuarenta para arriba (1918) and La verbena de la Paloma (1963). He died on 22 June 1910.- Devil Anse Hatfield was born on 9 September 1839. He was an actor, known for Vendettas (2002). He was married to Levicy Chafin. He died on 6 January 1921 in Island Creek, Logan County, West Virginia, USA.
- James A. Herne was born on 1 February 1839 in Cohoes, New York, USA. He was a writer, known for Hearts of Oak (1924), Hearts of Oak (1914) and Shore Acres (1914). He was married to Katharine Corcoran and Helen Western. He died on 2 June 1901 in New York City, New York, USA.
- Winfield S. Schley was born on 9 October 1839. He was married to Annie Rebecca Franklin. He died on 2 October 1911.
- Eduard Napravnik was born on 24 August 1839 in Byst, Bohemia, Austrian Empire [now Czech Republic]. He was a composer, known for Dubrovskiy (1961). He was married to Olga E. Schroeder. He died on 23 November 1916 in Petrograd, Russian Empire [now Russia].
- William de Morgan was born on 16 November 1839 in London, England, UK. He was a writer, known for Somehow Good (1927). He died on 15 January 1917 in London, England, UK.
- Kate Sanborn was an American author, educator, and lecturer known for her witty lectures on literature and social etiquette. Born in Hanover, New Hampshire, she transitioned from teaching to writing and gained recognition for her engaging speaking style. She was also involved in women's rights and social reform movements. She left a legacy as a prominent figure in American literary and educational circles.
- Eduardo Blanco was born on 25 December 1839 in Caracas, Venezuela. He was a writer, known for El bandido de Aragua (1975) and Venezuela Heroica (1968). He died on 30 June 1912 in Caracas, Venezuela.
- Ouida was born on 1 January 1839 in Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, England, UK. She was a writer, known for Under Two Flags (1936), Two Little Wooden Shoes (1920) and Flames of Desire (1924). She died on 25 January 1908 in Viareggio, Italy.
- Victor Capoul was born on 27 February 1839 in Toulouse, France. He was an actor, known for The Missing Bride (1911), La patrie avant tout (1912) and Amour de page (1911). He died on 18 February 1924 in Pujaudran, France.
- Louis Holstein-Ledreborg was born on 10 June 1839 in Hocberg, Württemberg, Germany. He was married to Henriette Frederikke Alexandrine Ingeborg de Løvenørn. He died on 1 March 1912 in Ledreborg, Lejre, Denmark.
- Andrew Sheridan Burt was born on 21 November 1839 in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. He died on 12 January 1915 in Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
- Herman Merivale was born on 27 January 1839 in Pancras, London, England, UK. He was a writer, known for Forget-Me-Not (1917). He was married to Elizabeth Pittman. He died on 14 January 1906 in Suffolk, England, UK.
- Writer
- Music Department
Júlio Dinis was born on 14 November 1839 in Oporto, Portugal. He was a writer, known for As Pupilas do Senhor Reitor (1970), Os Fidalgos da Casa Mourisca (1938) and A Morgadinha dos Canaviais (1949). He died on 12 September 1871 in Oporto, Portugal.- Hector Monréal was born on 17 July 1839 in Carcassonne, Aude, France. Hector died on 20 May 1910 in Asnières-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, France.
- Soundtrack
James Ryder Randall was born on 1 January 1839 in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. James Ryder died on 15 January 1908 in Augusta, Georgia, USA.- James K. Jones was born on 29 September 1839 in Marshall County, Mississippi, USA. He died on 1 June 1908 in Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Ignaz Schnitzer was born on 4 December 1839 in Ratzersdorf, Hungary, Austrian Empire [now Raca, Bratislava, Slovak Republic]. He was a writer, known for The Gypsy Baron (1927), Der Zigeunerbaron (1975) and Der Zigeunerbaron (1962). He died on 18 June 1921 in Vienna, Austria.- Redvers Buller was born on December 7, 1839 in Downes England, the scion of one of the area's oldest landed families. A graduate of Eton, he began his career in the British Army in 1858 when he was commissioned as an ensign in the King's Royal Rifles. Buller spent the next 28 years at posts in India, Canada and Africa. In 1882, he received knighthood by Queen Victoria for leading the British Army to victory in Arabi Pasha's Rebellion in Egypt. Sir Redvers then served with distinction as chief of staff during the Mahadist Uprising in the Sudan in 1884 as major-general, rising to the rank of full general on June 24, 1896. At the outbreak of the Boer War in South Africa in October 1899, General Buller was selected to command a force of 70,000 men charged with protecting British interests against the Boer insurgents. Buller turned out be be a better field commander than a strategist; as a result, his forces during the last months of 1899 and first few months of 1900 were defeated by the Boer guerillas using unconventional warfare tactics and Buller was soon replaced by Field Marshall Lord Roberts, a move that enabled him to take his proper place at the head of his troops. His first triumph was the relief of the town of Ladysmith, which was under siege by the Boer Afrikaners since November 1899. Genera Buller's forces succeed in driving the Boers under the command of Louis Botha from Ladysmith after a fierce battle on February 28, 1900 and entered the town the following day. Buller then set the stage for a British offensive into the Boer states of Transvaal and the Orange Free State, where in two months he captured the capital of Pretoria and ended the Afrikaners' struggle for independence. The war then settled into a protracted guerilla war which ended formal military operations, so Buller returned to England in November 1900 where he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael and was given command of the First Army Corps. Buller's military career ended in October 1901 when he was removed from his post for making a politically damaging speech. Buller died at his country home in Credition, England on June 2, 1908 at the age of 68.
- William A. Clark was born on 8 January 1839 in Connellsville, Pennsylvania, USA. He died on 2 March 1925 in Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA.
- Actress
- Writer
Ilka Angyal was born on 5 December 1839 in Felcsút, Hungary. She was an actress and writer, known for Árendás zsidó (1918), Náni (1921) and Bolond Istók (1921). She was married to József Klár. She died on 7 September 1926 in Kömlöd, Hungary.