Producer Sam Spiegel considered Elia Kazan, who directed On the Waterfront (1954) (which won Spiegel his first of three Best Picture Oscars), one of his closest friends. He chose Kazan, who was virtually retired, to direct The Last Tycoon (1976). According to Spiegel biographer Natasha Fraser-Cavassoni, Spiegel had a father-son relationship with "Tycoon" screenwriter Harold Pinter, the great playwright. Spiegel was quite taken with Pinter's genius, so much so it hurt the film adaptation of The Last Tycoon (1976), wrote "Tycoon" director Kazan in his own autobiography, as Spiegel treated the screenplay as sacrosanct and wouldn't let Kazan change it to create more dramatic tension. Ironically, when Spiegel had first seen a screenplay written by Pinter in the 1960s (The Servant (1963), he had been appalled by its lack of professionalism.